自我反思、自我洞察、自我评价;
心智状态达到更高级的组合秩序;
对自我经验能够进行批判性反思;
对若干知识领域的“深层理解”;
对知识领域持有的“有些激进的批判意识”;
对事物具有独立探究的能力;
既要学会分享共同的认识,又不回避批判的辩论过程;
"It is not enough to observe, experiment, theorize, calculate and communicate; we must also argue, criticize, debate, expound, summarize, and otherwise transform the information that we have obtained individually into reliable, well established, public knowledge."
--John Ziman. 1969. "Information, Communication, Knowledge," Nature 224: 318-324.
Barnett, R(1990). The idea of higher education(Society for research into education).Open University Press.
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